Like other medieval universities (Bologna, Oxford, Salamanca, Cambridge, Padua), the University of Paris was well established by the time it was formally founded by the Catholic Church in 1200.[2] The earliest historical reference to the university as such is found in Matthew of Paris'
reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of St. Albans)
and his acceptance into "the fellowship of the elect Masters" at the
university of Paris in about 1170.[3] Additionally, it is known that Pope Innocent III had completed his studies at the University of Paris by 1182 at the age of 21. The university developed as a corporation around the Notre Dame Cathedral, similar to other medieval corporations, such as guilds of merchants or artisans. The medieval Latin term, universitas, had the more general meaning of a guild. The university of Paris was known as a universitas magistrorum et scholarium (a guild of masters and scholars), in contrast with the Bolognese universitas scholarium.
The university had four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology.
The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as
students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the
higher faculties. The students were divided into four nationes according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England. The last came to be known as the Alemannian (German)
nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might
imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and
Eastern Europe.
The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with
that of the University of Bologna) became the model for all later
medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore
robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure,
to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students
followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the
king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as
students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for
justice. Students were often very young, entering the school at age 13
or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years.
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